diff --git a/lib/livebook/runtime/evaluator.ex b/lib/livebook/runtime/evaluator.ex
index b1c9ccb23..a5e9a4c10 100644
--- a/lib/livebook/runtime/evaluator.ex
+++ b/lib/livebook/runtime/evaluator.ex
@@ -808,17 +808,47 @@ defmodule Livebook.Runtime.Evaluator do
   defp elixir_to_erlang_var(name) do
     name
     |> :erlang.atom_to_binary()
-    |> Macro.camelize()
+    |> toggle_var_case()
     |> :erlang.binary_to_atom()
   end
 
   defp erlang_to_elixir_var(name) do
     name
     |> :erlang.atom_to_binary()
-    |> Macro.underscore()
+    |> toggle_var_case()
     |> :erlang.binary_to_atom()
   end
 
+  # Unambiguously maps variable names from camel case to underscore
+  # case, and vice-versa. The mapping is defined as follows:
+  #
+  #   1. The first character case is changed
+  #
+  #   2. Underscore followed by lower character maps to upper character,
+  #      and vice-versa
+  #
+  defp toggle_var_case(<<h, t::binary>>) do
+    do_toggle_var_case(<<toggle_char_case(h)>>, t)
+  end
+
+  defp do_toggle_var_case(acc, <<?_, h, t::binary>>) when h >= ?a and h <= ?z do
+    do_toggle_var_case(<<acc::binary, toggle_char_case(h)>>, t)
+  end
+
+  defp do_toggle_var_case(acc, <<h, t::binary>>) when h >= ?A and h <= ?Z do
+    do_toggle_var_case(<<acc::binary, ?_, toggle_char_case(h)>>, t)
+  end
+
+  defp do_toggle_var_case(acc, <<h, t::binary>>) do
+    do_toggle_var_case(<<acc::binary, h>>, t)
+  end
+
+  defp do_toggle_var_case(acc, <<>>), do: acc
+
+  defp toggle_char_case(char) when char >= ?a and char <= ?z, do: char - 32
+  defp toggle_char_case(char) when char >= ?A and char <= ?Z, do: char + 32
+  defp toggle_char_case(char), do: char
+
   defp filter_erlang_code_markers(code_markers) do
     Enum.reject(code_markers, &(&1.line == 0))
   end
diff --git a/test/livebook/runtime/evaluator_test.exs b/test/livebook/runtime/evaluator_test.exs
index d9def1dba..f2c16a143 100644
--- a/test/livebook/runtime/evaluator_test.exs
+++ b/test/livebook/runtime/evaluator_test.exs
@@ -1268,6 +1268,48 @@ defmodule Livebook.Runtime.EvaluatorTest do
       assert [{:z, 1}, {:y, 1}, {:x, 1}] == binding
     end
 
+    test "uses unambiguous camelization for erlang/elixir bindings", %{evaluator: evaluator} do
+      Evaluator.evaluate_code(evaluator, :erlang, "{JSON, JsOn, JsON} = {1, 2, 3}.", :code_1, [])
+
+      assert_receive {:runtime_evaluation_response, :code_1, terminal_text(_), metadata()}
+
+      Evaluator.evaluate_code(
+        evaluator,
+        :elixir,
+        """
+        assertion1 = {j_s_o_n, js_on, js_o_n} == {1, 2, 3}
+        {j_s_o_n, js_on, js_o_n} = {11, 12, 13}
+        """,
+        :code_2,
+        [:code_1]
+      )
+
+      assert_receive {:runtime_evaluation_response, :code_2, terminal_text(_), metadata()}
+
+      Evaluator.evaluate_code(
+        evaluator,
+        :erlang,
+        """
+        Assertion2 = {JSON, JsOn, JsON} =:= {11, 12, 13}.
+        """,
+        :code_3,
+        [:code_2]
+      )
+
+      assert_receive {:runtime_evaluation_response, :code_3, terminal_text(_), metadata()}
+
+      %{binding: binding} =
+        Evaluator.get_evaluation_context(evaluator, [:code_3, :code_2, :code_1])
+
+      assert [
+               {:assertion2, true},
+               {:js_on, 12},
+               {:js_o_n, 13},
+               {:j_s_o_n, 11},
+               {:assertion1, true}
+             ] == binding
+    end
+
     test "inspects erlang results using erlang format", %{evaluator: evaluator} do
       code = ~S"#{x=>1}."
       Evaluator.evaluate_code(evaluator, :erlang, code, :code_1, [], file: "file.ex")