diff --git a/api/auth/auth.go b/api/auth/auth.go
index 8abb5d3b..907c005a 100644
--- a/api/auth/auth.go
+++ b/api/auth/auth.go
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 )
 
 const (
-	// The key name used to store user id in the context
-	// user id is extracted from the jwt token subject field.
-	UserIDContextKey = "user-id"
 	// issuer is the issuer of the jwt token.
 	Issuer = "memos"
 	// Signing key section. For now, this is only used for signing, not for verifying since we only
@@ -23,3 +23,42 @@ const (
 	// AccessTokenCookieName is the cookie name of access token.
 	AccessTokenCookieName = "memos.access-token"
 )
+
+type ClaimsMessage struct {
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	jwt.RegisteredClaims
+}
+
+// GenerateAccessToken generates an access token.
+// username is the email of the user.
+func GenerateAccessToken(username string, userID int32, expirationTime time.Time, secret string) (string, error) {
+	return generateToken(username, userID, AccessTokenAudienceName, expirationTime, []byte(secret))
+}
+
+// generateToken generates a jwt token.
+func generateToken(username string, userID int32, audience string, expirationTime time.Time, secret []byte) (string, error) {
+	registeredClaims := jwt.RegisteredClaims{
+		Issuer:   Issuer,
+		Audience: jwt.ClaimStrings{audience},
+		IssuedAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
+		Subject:  fmt.Sprint(userID),
+	}
+	if expirationTime.After(time.Now()) {
+		registeredClaims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(expirationTime)
+	}
+
+	// Declare the token with the HS256 algorithm used for signing, and the claims.
+	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, &ClaimsMessage{
+		Name:             username,
+		RegisteredClaims: registeredClaims,
+	})
+	token.Header["kid"] = KeyID
+
+	// Create the JWT string.
+	tokenString, err := token.SignedString(secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return tokenString, nil
+}
diff --git a/api/v1/auth.go b/api/v1/auth.go
index 981a6ba5..ea8dee00 100644
--- a/api/v1/auth.go
+++ b/api/v1/auth.go
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/plugin/idp"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/plugin/idp/oauth2"
@@ -94,12 +96,15 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) SignIn(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Incorrect login credentials, please try again")
 	}
 
-	if err := GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c, user, s.Secret); err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to generate tokens").SetInternal(err)
+	accessToken, err := auth.GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration), s.Secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to generate tokens, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 	if err := s.createAuthSignInActivity(c, user); err != nil {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to create activity").SetInternal(err)
 	}
+	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
+	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
 	userMessage := convertUserFromStore(user)
 	return c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userMessage)
 }
@@ -213,12 +218,15 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) SignInSSO(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusForbidden, fmt.Sprintf("User has been archived with username %s", userInfo.Identifier))
 	}
 
-	if err := GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c, user, s.Secret); err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to generate tokens").SetInternal(err)
+	accessToken, err := auth.GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration), s.Secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to generate tokens, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 	if err := s.createAuthSignInActivity(c, user); err != nil {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to create activity").SetInternal(err)
 	}
+	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
+	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
 	userMessage := convertUserFromStore(user)
 	return c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userMessage)
 }
@@ -304,13 +312,15 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) SignUp(c echo.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to create user").SetInternal(err)
 	}
-	if err := GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c, user, s.Secret); err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to generate tokens").SetInternal(err)
+	accessToken, err := auth.GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration), s.Secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to generate tokens, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 	if err := s.createAuthSignUpActivity(c, user); err != nil {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to create activity").SetInternal(err)
 	}
-
+	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
+	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
 	userMessage := convertUserFromStore(user)
 	return c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userMessage)
 }
@@ -358,3 +368,22 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) createAuthSignUpActivity(c echo.Context, user *store.User
 	}
 	return err
 }
+
+// RemoveTokensAndCookies removes the jwt token from the cookies.
+func RemoveTokensAndCookies(c echo.Context) {
+	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, "", cookieExp)
+}
+
+// setTokenCookie sets the token to the cookie.
+func setTokenCookie(c echo.Context, name, token string, expiration time.Time) {
+	cookie := new(http.Cookie)
+	cookie.Name = name
+	cookie.Value = token
+	cookie.Expires = expiration
+	cookie.Path = "/"
+	// Http-only helps mitigate the risk of client side script accessing the protected cookie.
+	cookie.HttpOnly = true
+	cookie.SameSite = http.SameSiteStrictMode
+	c.SetCookie(cookie)
+}
diff --git a/api/v1/idp.go b/api/v1/idp.go
index 4780f396..433fdb0a 100644
--- a/api/v1/idp.go
+++ b/api/v1/idp.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetIdentityProviderList(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to find identity provider list").SetInternal(err)
 	}
 
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	isHostUser := false
 	if ok {
 		user, err := s.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetIdentityProviderList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/idp [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/idp/{idpId} [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/idp/{idpId} [DELETE]
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/idp/{idpId} [PATCH]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UpdateIdentityProvider(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/jwt.go b/api/v1/jwt.go
index 5192c6c3..57052992 100644
--- a/api/v1/jwt.go
+++ b/api/v1/jwt.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
@@ -14,75 +13,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
 
-type claimsMessage struct {
-	Name string `json:"name"`
-	jwt.RegisteredClaims
-}
-
-// GenerateAccessToken generates an access token for web.
-func GenerateAccessToken(username string, userID int32, secret string) (string, error) {
-	expirationTime := time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration)
-	return generateToken(username, userID, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName, expirationTime, []byte(secret))
-}
-
-// GenerateTokensAndSetCookies generates jwt token and saves it to the http-only cookie.
-func GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c echo.Context, user *store.User, secret string) error {
-	accessToken, err := GenerateAccessToken(user.Username, user.ID, secret)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to generate access token")
-	}
-
-	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
-	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// RemoveTokensAndCookies removes the jwt token from the cookies.
-func RemoveTokensAndCookies(c echo.Context) {
-	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
-	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, "", cookieExp)
-}
-
-// setTokenCookie sets the token to the cookie.
-func setTokenCookie(c echo.Context, name, token string, expiration time.Time) {
-	cookie := new(http.Cookie)
-	cookie.Name = name
-	cookie.Value = token
-	cookie.Expires = expiration
-	cookie.Path = "/"
-	// Http-only helps mitigate the risk of client side script accessing the protected cookie.
-	cookie.HttpOnly = true
-	cookie.SameSite = http.SameSiteStrictMode
-	c.SetCookie(cookie)
-}
-
-// generateToken generates a jwt token.
-func generateToken(username string, userID int32, aud string, expirationTime time.Time, secret []byte) (string, error) {
-	// Create the JWT claims, which includes the username and expiry time.
-	claims := &claimsMessage{
-		Name: username,
-		RegisteredClaims: jwt.RegisteredClaims{
-			Audience: jwt.ClaimStrings{aud},
-			// In JWT, the expiry time is expressed as unix milliseconds.
-			ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(expirationTime),
-			IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
-			Issuer:    auth.Issuer,
-			Subject:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", userID),
-		},
-	}
-
-	// Declare the token with the HS256 algorithm used for signing, and the claims.
-	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
-	token.Header["kid"] = auth.KeyID
-
-	// Create the JWT string.
-	tokenString, err := token.SignedString(secret)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return tokenString, nil
-}
+const (
+	// The key name used to store user id in the context
+	// user id is extracted from the jwt token subject field.
+	userIDContextKey = "user-id"
+)
 
 func extractTokenFromHeader(c echo.Context) (string, error) {
 	authHeader := c.Request().Header.Get("Authorization")
@@ -149,7 +84,7 @@ func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) e
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing access token")
 		}
 
-		claims := &claimsMessage{}
+		claims := &auth.ClaimsMessage{}
 		_, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(token, claims, func(t *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
 			if t.Method.Alg() != jwt.SigningMethodHS256.Name {
 				return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected access token signing method=%v, expect %v", t.Header["alg"], jwt.SigningMethodHS256)
@@ -163,7 +98,6 @@ func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) e
 		})
 
 		if err != nil {
-			RemoveTokensAndCookies(c)
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, errors.Wrap(err, "Invalid or expired access token"))
 		}
 		if !audienceContains(claims.Audience, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName) {
@@ -188,7 +122,7 @@ func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) e
 		}
 
 		// Stores userID into context.
-		c.Set(auth.UserIDContextKey, userID)
+		c.Set(userIDContextKey, userID)
 		return next(c)
 	}
 }
@@ -213,7 +147,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) defaultAuthSkipper(c echo.Context) bool {
 		}
 		if user != nil {
 			// Stores userID into context.
-			c.Set(auth.UserIDContextKey, user.ID)
+			c.Set(userIDContextKey, user.ID)
 			return true
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/memo.go b/api/v1/memo.go
index cf1c40d0..d61665ec 100644
--- a/api/v1/memo.go
+++ b/api/v1/memo.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/log"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetMemoList(c echo.Context) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		// Anonymous use should only fetch PUBLIC memos with specified user
 		if findMemoMessage.CreatorID == nil {
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetMemoList(c echo.Context) error {
 // - It's currently possible to create phantom resources and relations. Phantom relations will trigger backend 404's when fetching memo.
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetAllMemos(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
 	findMemoMessage := &store.FindMemo{}
-	_, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	_, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		findMemoMessage.VisibilityList = []store.Visibility{store.Public}
 	} else {
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetMemoStats(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, "Missing user id to find memo")
 	}
 
-	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		findMemoMessage.VisibilityList = []store.Visibility{store.Public}
 	} else {
@@ -548,7 +547,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusNotFound, fmt.Sprintf("Memo not found: %d", memoID))
 	}
 
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if memo.Visibility == store.Private {
 		if !ok || memo.CreatorID != userID {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusForbidden, "this memo is private only")
@@ -580,7 +579,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/memo/{memoId} [DELETE]
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -633,7 +632,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 // - Passing 0 to createdTs and updatedTs will set them to 0 in the database, which is probably unwanted.
 func (s *APIV1Service) UpdateMemo(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/memo_organizer.go b/api/v1/memo_organizer.go
index 7d872061..523efd13 100644
--- a/api/v1/memo_organizer.go
+++ b/api/v1/memo_organizer.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateMemoOrganizer(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("ID is not a number: %s", c.Param("memoId"))).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/memo_resource.go b/api/v1/memo_resource.go
index f052e5dc..163c3052 100644
--- a/api/v1/memo_resource.go
+++ b/api/v1/memo_resource.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) BindMemoResource(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("ID is not a number: %s", c.Param("memoId"))).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) BindMemoResource(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/memo/{memoId}/resource/{resourceId} [DELETE]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UnbindMemoResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/resource.go b/api/v1/resource.go
index 38394fbe..ea17b1e7 100644
--- a/api/v1/resource.go
+++ b/api/v1/resource.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/disintegration/imaging"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/log"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/plugin/storage/s3"
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerResourcePublicRoutes(g *echo.Group) {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/resource [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetResourceList(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetResourceList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/resource [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateResource(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/resource/blob [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UploadResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) UploadResource(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/resource/{resourceId} [DELETE]
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteResource(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/resource/{resourceId} [PATCH]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UpdateResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -398,7 +397,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) streamResource(c echo.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	// Protected resource require a logined user
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if resourceVisibility == store.Protected && (!ok || userID <= 0) {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Resource visibility not match").SetInternal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/storage.go b/api/v1/storage.go
index e00ea65a..948528ae 100644
--- a/api/v1/storage.go
+++ b/api/v1/storage.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerStorageRoutes(g *echo.Group) {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/storage [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetStorageList(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetStorageList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/storage [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateStorage(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateStorage(c echo.Context) error {
 // - error message "Storage service %d is using" probably should be "Storage service %d is in use".
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteStorage(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteStorage(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/storage/{storageId} [PATCH]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UpdateStorage(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/system.go b/api/v1/system.go
index 766c1210..971cf895 100644
--- a/api/v1/system.go
+++ b/api/v1/system.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/log"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/server/profile"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetSystemStatus(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/system/vacuum [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) ExecVacuum(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/system_setting.go b/api/v1/system_setting.go
index 5c4527c6..ca953f4d 100644
--- a/api/v1/system_setting.go
+++ b/api/v1/system_setting.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerSystemSettingRoutes(g *echo.Group) {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/system/setting [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetSystemSettingList(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetSystemSettingList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/system/setting [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateSystemSetting(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/tag.go b/api/v1/tag.go
index 50e7d59f..5a13d2de 100644
--- a/api/v1/tag.go
+++ b/api/v1/tag.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerTagRoutes(g *echo.Group) {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/tag [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetTagList(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, "Missing user id to find tag")
 	}
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetTagList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/tag [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateTag(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateTag(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/tag/delete [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteTag(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteTag(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/tag/suggestion [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetTagSuggestion(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, "Missing user session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/user.go b/api/v1/user.go
index e2e192a4..c971c28d 100644
--- a/api/v1/user.go
+++ b/api/v1/user.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetUserList(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/user [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) CreateUser(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing auth session")
 	}
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) CreateUser(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/user/me [GET]
 func (s *APIV1Service) GetCurrentUser(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing auth session")
 	}
@@ -287,7 +286,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) GetUserByID(c echo.Context) error {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/user/{id} [DELETE]
 func (s *APIV1Service) DeleteUser(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
@@ -337,7 +336,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) UpdateUser(c echo.Context) error {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("ID is not a number: %s", c.Param("id"))).SetInternal(err)
 	}
 
-	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	currentUserID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing user in session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v1/user_setting.go b/api/v1/user_setting.go
index 15c3086c..4c61182b 100644
--- a/api/v1/user_setting.go
+++ b/api/v1/user_setting.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerUserSettingRoutes(g *echo.Group) {
 //	@Router		/api/v1/user/setting [POST]
 func (s *APIV1Service) UpsertUserSetting(c echo.Context) error {
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	userID, ok := c.Get(auth.UserIDContextKey).(int32)
+	userID, ok := c.Get(userIDContextKey).(int32)
 	if !ok {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Missing auth session")
 	}
diff --git a/api/v2/acl.go b/api/v2/acl.go
index 076c86bd..1affc904 100644
--- a/api/v2/acl.go
+++ b/api/v2/acl.go
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ package v2
 import (
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
-	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
@@ -22,9 +19,9 @@ import (
 type ContextKey int
 
 const (
-	// The key name used to store user id in the context
+	// The key name used to store username in the context
 	// user id is extracted from the jwt token subject field.
-	UserIDContextKey ContextKey = iota
+	usernameContextKey ContextKey = iota
 )
 
 // GRPCAuthInterceptor is the auth interceptor for gRPC server.
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) AuthenticationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, re
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	userID, err := in.authenticate(ctx, accessTokenStr)
+	username, err := in.authenticate(ctx, accessTokenStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		if isUnauthorizeAllowedMethod(serverInfo.FullMethod) {
 			return handler(ctx, request)
@@ -60,28 +57,28 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) AuthenticationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, re
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	user, err := in.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
-		ID: &userID,
+		Username: &username,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get user")
 	}
 	if user == nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "user ID %q not exists in the access token", userID)
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("user %q not exists", username)
 	}
 	if isOnlyForAdminAllowedMethod(serverInfo.FullMethod) && user.Role != store.RoleHost && user.Role != store.RoleAdmin {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "user ID %q is not admin", userID)
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("user %q is not admin", username)
 	}
 
 	// Stores userID into context.
-	childCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, UserIDContextKey, userID)
+	childCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, usernameContextKey, username)
 	return handler(childCtx, request)
 }
 
-func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) authenticate(ctx context.Context, accessTokenStr string) (int32, error) {
+func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) authenticate(ctx context.Context, accessTokenStr string) (string, error) {
 	if accessTokenStr == "" {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "access token not found")
+		return "", status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "access token not found")
 	}
-	claims := &claimsMessage{}
+	claims := &auth.ClaimsMessage{}
 	_, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(accessTokenStr, claims, func(t *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
 		if t.Method.Alg() != jwt.SigningMethodHS256.Name {
 			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "unexpected access token signing method=%v, expect %v", t.Header["alg"], jwt.SigningMethodHS256)
@@ -94,34 +91,31 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) authenticate(ctx context.Context, accessTokenStr
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "unexpected access token kid=%v", t.Header["kid"])
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "Invalid or expired access token")
+		return "", status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "Invalid or expired access token")
 	}
 	if !audienceContains(claims.Audience, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName) {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated,
+		return "", status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated,
 			"invalid access token, audience mismatch, got %q, expected %q. you may send request to the wrong environment",
 			claims.Audience,
 			auth.AccessTokenAudienceName,
 		)
 	}
 
-	userID, err := util.ConvertStringToInt32(claims.Subject)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "malformed ID %q in the access token", claims.Subject)
-	}
+	username := claims.Name
 	user, err := in.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
-		ID: &userID,
+		Username: &username,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "failed to find user ID %q in the access token", userID)
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get user")
 	}
 	if user == nil {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "user ID %q not exists in the access token", userID)
+		return "", errors.Errorf("user %q not exists in the access token", username)
 	}
 	if user.RowStatus == store.Archived {
-		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "user ID %q has been deactivated by administrators", userID)
+		return "", errors.Errorf("user %q is archived", username)
 	}
 
-	return userID, nil
+	return username, nil
 }
 
 func getTokenFromMetadata(md metadata.MD) (string, error) {
@@ -154,41 +148,3 @@ func audienceContains(audience jwt.ClaimStrings, token string) bool {
 	}
 	return false
 }
-
-type claimsMessage struct {
-	Name string `json:"name"`
-	jwt.RegisteredClaims
-}
-
-// GenerateAccessToken generates an access token for web.
-func GenerateAccessToken(username string, userID int, secret string) (string, error) {
-	expirationTime := time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration)
-	return generateToken(username, userID, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName, expirationTime, []byte(secret))
-}
-
-func generateToken(username string, userID int, aud string, expirationTime time.Time, secret []byte) (string, error) {
-	// Create the JWT claims, which includes the username and expiry time.
-	claims := &claimsMessage{
-		Name: username,
-		RegisteredClaims: jwt.RegisteredClaims{
-			Audience: jwt.ClaimStrings{aud},
-			// In JWT, the expiry time is expressed as unix milliseconds.
-			ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(expirationTime),
-			IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
-			Issuer:    auth.Issuer,
-			Subject:   strconv.Itoa(userID),
-		},
-	}
-
-	// Declare the token with the HS256 algorithm used for signing, and the claims.
-	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
-	token.Header["kid"] = auth.KeyID
-
-	// Create the JWT string.
-	tokenString, err := token.SignedString(secret)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return tokenString, nil
-}
diff --git a/api/v2/common.go b/api/v2/common.go
index 0115f813..fac53be7 100644
--- a/api/v2/common.go
+++ b/api/v2/common.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package v2
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	apiv2pb "github.com/usememos/memos/proto/gen/api/v2"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 )
@@ -26,3 +28,17 @@ func convertRowStatusToStore(rowStatus apiv2pb.RowStatus) store.RowStatus {
 		return store.Normal
 	}
 }
+
+func getCurrentUser(ctx context.Context, s *store.Store) (*store.User, error) {
+	username, ok := ctx.Value(usernameContextKey).(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	user, err := s.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
+		Username: &username,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return user, nil
+}
diff --git a/api/v2/memo_service.go b/api/v2/memo_service.go
index 5e2f7391..9b798639 100644
--- a/api/v2/memo_service.go
+++ b/api/v2/memo_service.go
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ func (s *MemoService) ListMemos(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.ListMemosR
 			memoFind.CreatedTsAfter = filter.CreatedTsAfter
 		}
 	}
-	userIDPtr := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey)
+	user, _ := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
 	// If the user is not authenticated, only public memos are visible.
-	if userIDPtr == nil {
+	if user == nil {
 		memoFind.VisibilityList = []store.Visibility{store.Public}
 	}
 	if request.PageSize != 0 {
@@ -80,12 +80,14 @@ func (s *MemoService) GetMemo(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.GetMemoReque
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "memo not found")
 	}
 	if memo.Visibility != store.Public {
-		userIDPtr := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey)
-		if userIDPtr == nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "unauthenticated")
+		user, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get user")
 		}
-		userID := userIDPtr.(int32)
-		if memo.Visibility == store.Private && memo.CreatorID != userID {
+		if user == nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")
+		}
+		if memo.Visibility == store.Private && memo.CreatorID != user.ID {
 			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/api/v2/system_service.go b/api/v2/system_service.go
index 4eef0b4f..38bee07e 100644
--- a/api/v2/system_service.go
+++ b/api/v2/system_service.go
@@ -31,22 +31,16 @@ func (s *SystemService) GetSystemInfo(ctx context.Context, _ *apiv2pb.GetSystemI
 	defaultSystemInfo := &apiv2pb.SystemInfo{}
 
 	// Get the database size if the user is a host.
-	userIDPtr := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey)
-	if userIDPtr != nil {
-		userID := userIDPtr.(int32)
-		user, err := s.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
-			ID: &userID,
-		})
+	currentUser, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get current user: %v", err)
+	}
+	if currentUser != nil && currentUser.Role == store.RoleHost {
+		fi, err := os.Stat(s.Profile.DSN)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get user: %v", err)
-		}
-		if user != nil && user.Role == store.RoleHost {
-			fi, err := os.Stat(s.Profile.DSN)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get file info: %v", err)
-			}
-			defaultSystemInfo.DbSize = fi.Size()
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get file info: %v", err)
 		}
+		defaultSystemInfo.DbSize = fi.Size()
 	}
 
 	response := &apiv2pb.GetSystemInfoResponse{
@@ -56,12 +50,9 @@ func (s *SystemService) GetSystemInfo(ctx context.Context, _ *apiv2pb.GetSystemI
 }
 
 func (s *SystemService) UpdateSystemInfo(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.UpdateSystemInfoRequest) (*apiv2pb.UpdateSystemInfoResponse, error) {
-	userID := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey).(int32)
-	user, err := s.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
-		ID: &userID,
-	})
+	user, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get user: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get current user: %v", err)
 	}
 	if user.Role != store.RoleHost {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")
diff --git a/api/v2/user_service.go b/api/v2/user_service.go
index 32ff29a9..e9ed71e8 100644
--- a/api/v2/user_service.go
+++ b/api/v2/user_service.go
@@ -5,11 +5,16 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/usememos/memos/api/auth"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/common/util"
 	apiv2pb "github.com/usememos/memos/proto/gen/api/v2"
+	storepb "github.com/usememos/memos/proto/gen/store"
 	"github.com/usememos/memos/store"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
@@ -18,13 +23,15 @@ import (
 type UserService struct {
 	apiv2pb.UnimplementedUserServiceServer
 
-	Store *store.Store
+	Store  *store.Store
+	Secret string
 }
 
 // NewUserService creates a new UserService.
-func NewUserService(store *store.Store) *UserService {
+func NewUserService(store *store.Store, secret string) *UserService {
 	return &UserService{
-		Store: store,
+		Store:  store,
+		Secret: secret,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -40,13 +47,10 @@ func (s *UserService) GetUser(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.GetUserReque
 	}
 
 	userMessage := convertUserFromStore(user)
-	userIDPtr := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey)
-	if userIDPtr != nil {
-		userID := userIDPtr.(int32)
-		if userID != userMessage.Id {
-			// Data desensitization.
-			userMessage.OpenId = ""
-		}
+	currentUser, _ := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+	if currentUser == nil || currentUser.ID != user.ID {
+		// Data desensitization.
+		userMessage.OpenId = ""
 	}
 
 	response := &apiv2pb.GetUserResponse{
@@ -56,14 +60,11 @@ func (s *UserService) GetUser(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.GetUserReque
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.UpdateUserRequest) (*apiv2pb.UpdateUserResponse, error) {
-	userID := ctx.Value(UserIDContextKey).(int32)
-	currentUser, err := s.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
-		ID: &userID,
-	})
+	currentUser, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get user: %v", err)
 	}
-	if currentUser == nil || (currentUser.ID != userID && currentUser.Role != store.RoleAdmin) {
+	if currentUser.Username != request.Username && currentUser.Role != store.RoleAdmin {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")
 	}
 	if request.UpdateMask == nil || len(request.UpdateMask) == 0 {
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.UpdateUse
 
 	currentTs := time.Now().Unix()
 	update := &store.UpdateUser{
-		ID:        userID,
+		ID:        currentUser.ID,
 		UpdatedTs: &currentTs,
 	}
 	for _, path := range request.UpdateMask {
@@ -116,6 +117,162 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.UpdateUse
 	return response, nil
 }
 
+func (s *UserService) ListUserAccessTokens(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.ListUserAccessTokensRequest) (*apiv2pb.ListUserAccessTokensResponse, error) {
+	user, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get current user: %v", err)
+	}
+	if user == nil || user.Username != request.Username {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")
+	}
+
+	userAccessTokens, err := s.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to list access tokens: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	accessTokens := []*apiv2pb.UserAccessToken{}
+	for _, userAccessToken := range userAccessTokens {
+		claims := &auth.ClaimsMessage{}
+		_, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(userAccessToken.AccessToken, claims, func(t *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
+			if t.Method.Alg() != jwt.SigningMethodHS256.Name {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected access token signing method=%v, expect %v", t.Header["alg"], jwt.SigningMethodHS256)
+			}
+			if kid, ok := t.Header["kid"].(string); ok {
+				if kid == "v1" {
+					return []byte(s.Secret), nil
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected access token kid=%v", t.Header["kid"])
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			// If the access token is invalid or expired, just ignore it.
+			continue
+		}
+
+		userAccessToken := &apiv2pb.UserAccessToken{
+			AccessToken: userAccessToken.AccessToken,
+			Description: userAccessToken.Description,
+			IssuedAt:    timestamppb.New(claims.IssuedAt.Time),
+		}
+		if claims.ExpiresAt != nil {
+			userAccessToken.ExpiresAt = timestamppb.New(claims.ExpiresAt.Time)
+		}
+		accessTokens = append(accessTokens, userAccessToken)
+	}
+
+	// Sort by issued time in descending order.
+	slices.SortFunc(accessTokens, func(i, j *apiv2pb.UserAccessToken) bool {
+		return i.IssuedAt.Seconds > j.IssuedAt.Seconds
+	})
+	response := &apiv2pb.ListUserAccessTokensResponse{
+		AccessTokens: accessTokens,
+	}
+	return response, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) CreateUserAccessToken(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.CreateUserAccessTokenRequest) (*apiv2pb.CreateUserAccessTokenResponse, error) {
+	user, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get current user: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	accessToken, err := auth.GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, request.UserAccessToken.ExpiresAt.AsTime(), s.Secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to generate access token: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	claims := &auth.ClaimsMessage{}
+	_, err = jwt.ParseWithClaims(accessToken, claims, func(t *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
+		if t.Method.Alg() != jwt.SigningMethodHS256.Name {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected access token signing method=%v, expect %v", t.Header["alg"], jwt.SigningMethodHS256)
+		}
+		if kid, ok := t.Header["kid"].(string); ok {
+			if kid == "v1" {
+				return []byte(s.Secret), nil
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected access token kid=%v", t.Header["kid"])
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to parse access token: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Upsert the access token to user setting store.
+	if err := s.UpsertAccessTokenToStore(ctx, user, accessToken, request.UserAccessToken.Description); err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to upsert access token to store: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	userAccessToken := &apiv2pb.UserAccessToken{
+		AccessToken: accessToken,
+		Description: request.UserAccessToken.Description,
+		IssuedAt:    timestamppb.New(claims.IssuedAt.Time),
+	}
+	if claims.ExpiresAt != nil {
+		userAccessToken.ExpiresAt = timestamppb.New(claims.ExpiresAt.Time)
+	}
+	response := &apiv2pb.CreateUserAccessTokenResponse{
+		AccessToken: userAccessToken,
+	}
+	return response, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) DeleteUserAccessToken(ctx context.Context, request *apiv2pb.DeleteUserAccessTokenRequest) (*apiv2pb.DeleteUserAccessTokenResponse, error) {
+	user, err := getCurrentUser(ctx, s.Store)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to get current user: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	userAccessTokens, err := s.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to list access tokens: %v", err)
+	}
+	updatedUserAccessTokens := []*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken{}
+	for _, userAccessToken := range userAccessTokens {
+		if userAccessToken.AccessToken == request.AccessToken {
+			continue
+		}
+		updatedUserAccessTokens = append(updatedUserAccessTokens, userAccessToken)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.Store.UpsertUserSettingV1(ctx, &storepb.UserSetting{
+		UserId: user.ID,
+		Key:    storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS,
+		Value: &storepb.UserSetting_AccessTokens{
+			AccessTokens: &storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting{
+				AccessTokens: updatedUserAccessTokens,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed to upsert user setting: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return &apiv2pb.DeleteUserAccessTokenResponse{}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) UpsertAccessTokenToStore(ctx context.Context, user *store.User, accessToken, description string) error {
+	userAccessTokens, err := s.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get user access tokens")
+	}
+	userAccessToken := storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken{
+		AccessToken: accessToken,
+		Description: description,
+	}
+	userAccessTokens = append(userAccessTokens, &userAccessToken)
+	if _, err := s.Store.UpsertUserSettingV1(ctx, &storepb.UserSetting{
+		UserId: user.ID,
+		Key:    storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS,
+		Value: &storepb.UserSetting_AccessTokens{
+			AccessTokens: &storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting{
+				AccessTokens: userAccessTokens,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to upsert user setting")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func convertUserFromStore(user *store.User) *apiv2pb.User {
 	return &apiv2pb.User{
 		Id:         int32(user.ID),
diff --git a/api/v2/v2.go b/api/v2/v2.go
index a2ba0832..55e330ff 100644
--- a/api/v2/v2.go
+++ b/api/v2/v2.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func NewAPIV2Service(secret string, profile *profile.Profile, store *store.Store
 		),
 	)
 	apiv2pb.RegisterSystemServiceServer(grpcServer, NewSystemService(profile, store))
-	apiv2pb.RegisterUserServiceServer(grpcServer, NewUserService(store))
+	apiv2pb.RegisterUserServiceServer(grpcServer, NewUserService(store, secret))
 	apiv2pb.RegisterMemoServiceServer(grpcServer, NewMemoService(store))
 	apiv2pb.RegisterTagServiceServer(grpcServer, NewTagService(store))
 
diff --git a/proto/gen/store/README.md b/proto/gen/store/README.md
index 0e87c071..bf36420a 100644
--- a/proto/gen/store/README.md
+++ b/proto/gen/store/README.md
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@
 | Name | Number | Description |
 | ---- | ------ | ----------- |
 | USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED | 0 |  |
+| USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS | 1 | Access tokens for the user. |
 
 
  
diff --git a/proto/gen/store/user_setting.pb.go b/proto/gen/store/user_setting.pb.go
index 203cc890..c2e6419e 100644
--- a/proto/gen/store/user_setting.pb.go
+++ b/proto/gen/store/user_setting.pb.go
@@ -24,15 +24,19 @@ type UserSettingKey int32
 
 const (
 	UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED UserSettingKey = 0
+	// Access tokens for the user.
+	UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS UserSettingKey = 1
 )
 
 // Enum value maps for UserSettingKey.
 var (
 	UserSettingKey_name = map[int32]string{
 		0: "USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED",
+		1: "USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS",
 	}
 	UserSettingKey_value = map[string]int32{
 		"USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED": 0,
+		"USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS":   1,
 	}
 )
 
@@ -279,10 +283,12 @@ var file_store_user_setting_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x73, 0x5f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x61,
 	0x63, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x54, 0x6f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x12, 0x20, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x64, 0x65,
 	0x73, 0x63, 0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52,
-	0x0b, 0x64, 0x65, 0x73, 0x63, 0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2a, 0x32, 0x0a, 0x0e,
+	0x0b, 0x64, 0x65, 0x73, 0x63, 0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2a, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x0e,
 	0x55, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x53, 0x65, 0x74, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x12, 0x20,
 	0x0a, 0x1c, 0x55, 0x53, 0x45, 0x52, 0x5f, 0x53, 0x45, 0x54, 0x54, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x5f, 0x4b,
 	0x45, 0x59, 0x5f, 0x55, 0x4e, 0x53, 0x50, 0x45, 0x43, 0x49, 0x46, 0x49, 0x45, 0x44, 0x10, 0x00,
+	0x12, 0x1e, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x55, 0x53, 0x45, 0x52, 0x5f, 0x53, 0x45, 0x54, 0x54, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x47,
+	0x5f, 0x41, 0x43, 0x43, 0x45, 0x53, 0x53, 0x5f, 0x54, 0x4f, 0x4b, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x53, 0x10, 0x01,
 	0x42, 0x9b, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x73,
 	0x74, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x42, 0x10, 0x55, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x53, 0x65, 0x74, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6e,
 	0x67, 0x50, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x50, 0x01, 0x5a, 0x29, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62,
diff --git a/proto/store/user_setting.proto b/proto/store/user_setting.proto
index b4607af1..6d46fc98 100644
--- a/proto/store/user_setting.proto
+++ b/proto/store/user_setting.proto
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ message UserSetting {
 
 enum UserSettingKey {
   USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+
+  // Access tokens for the user.
+  USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS = 1;
 }
 
 message AccessTokensUserSetting {
diff --git a/store/user_setting.go b/store/user_setting.go
index f577918b..1d8301af 100644
--- a/store/user_setting.go
+++ b/store/user_setting.go
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ package store
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
 	"strings"
+
+	storepb "github.com/usememos/memos/proto/gen/store"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/encoding/protojson"
 )
 
 type UserSetting struct {
@@ -102,6 +106,138 @@ func (s *Store) GetUserSetting(ctx context.Context, find *FindUserSetting) (*Use
 	return userSetting, nil
 }
 
+type FindUserSettingV1 struct {
+	UserID *int32
+	Key    storepb.UserSettingKey
+}
+
+func (s *Store) UpsertUserSettingV1(ctx context.Context, upsert *storepb.UserSetting) (*storepb.UserSetting, error) {
+	stmt := `
+		INSERT INTO user_setting (
+			user_id, key, value
+		)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+		ON CONFLICT(user_id, key) DO UPDATE 
+		SET value = EXCLUDED.value
+	`
+	var valueString string
+	if upsert.Key == storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS {
+		valueBytes, err := protojson.Marshal(upsert.GetAccessTokens())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		valueString = string(valueBytes)
+	} else {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid user setting key")
+	}
+
+	if _, err := s.db.ExecContext(ctx, stmt, upsert.UserId, upsert.Key.String(), valueString); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	userSettingMessage := upsert
+	s.userSettingCache.Store(getUserSettingCacheKey(userSettingMessage.UserId, userSettingMessage.Key.String()), userSettingMessage)
+	return userSettingMessage, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) ListUserSettingsV1(ctx context.Context, find *FindUserSettingV1) ([]*storepb.UserSetting, error) {
+	where, args := []string{"1 = 1"}, []any{}
+
+	if v := find.Key; v != storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED {
+		where, args = append(where, "key = ?"), append(args, v.String())
+	}
+	if v := find.UserID; v != nil {
+		where, args = append(where, "user_id = ?"), append(args, *find.UserID)
+	}
+
+	query := `
+		SELECT
+			user_id,
+		  key,
+			value
+		FROM user_setting
+		WHERE ` + strings.Join(where, " AND ")
+	rows, err := s.db.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	userSettingList := make([]*storepb.UserSetting, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		userSetting := &storepb.UserSetting{}
+		var keyString, valueString string
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&userSetting.UserId,
+			&keyString,
+			&valueString,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		userSetting.Key = storepb.UserSettingKey(storepb.UserSettingKey_value[keyString])
+		if userSetting.Key == storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS {
+			accessTokensUserSetting := &storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting{}
+			if err := protojson.Unmarshal([]byte(valueString), accessTokensUserSetting); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			userSetting.Value = &storepb.UserSetting_AccessTokens{
+				AccessTokens: accessTokensUserSetting,
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Skip unknown user setting v1 key.
+			continue
+		}
+		userSettingList = append(userSettingList, userSetting)
+	}
+
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, userSetting := range userSettingList {
+		s.userSettingCache.Store(getUserSettingCacheKey(userSetting.UserId, userSetting.Key.String()), userSetting)
+	}
+	return userSettingList, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) GetUserSettingV1(ctx context.Context, find *FindUserSettingV1) (*storepb.UserSetting, error) {
+	if find.UserID != nil {
+		if cache, ok := s.userSettingCache.Load(getUserSettingCacheKey(*find.UserID, find.Key.String())); ok {
+			return cache.(*storepb.UserSetting), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	list, err := s.ListUserSettingsV1(ctx, find)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(list) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	userSetting := list[0]
+	s.userSettingCache.Store(getUserSettingCacheKey(userSetting.UserId, userSetting.Key.String()), userSetting)
+	return userSetting, nil
+}
+
+// GetUserAccessTokens returns the access tokens of the user.
+func (s *Store) GetUserAccessTokens(ctx context.Context, userID int32) ([]*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken, error) {
+	userSetting, err := s.GetUserSettingV1(ctx, &FindUserSettingV1{
+		UserID: &userID,
+		Key:    storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if userSetting == nil {
+		return []*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken{}, nil
+	}
+
+	accessTokensUserSetting := userSetting.GetAccessTokens()
+	return accessTokensUserSetting.AccessTokens, nil
+}
+
 func vacuumUserSetting(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 	stmt := `
 	DELETE FROM 
diff --git a/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.d.ts b/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.d.ts
index 1c6fd18d..bb2af523 100644
--- a/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.d.ts
+++ b/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.d.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,14 @@ export declare enum UserSettingKey {
   /**
    * @generated from enum value: USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
    */
-  UNSPECIFIED = 0,
+  USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED = 0,
+
+  /**
+   * Access tokens for the user.
+   *
+   * @generated from enum value: USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS = 1;
+   */
+  USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS = 1,
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.js b/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.js
index 0e2a875d..eea4ee5d 100644
--- a/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.js
+++ b/web/src/types/proto/store/user_setting_pb.js
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ import { proto3 } from "@bufbuild/protobuf";
 export const UserSettingKey = proto3.makeEnum(
   "memos.store.UserSettingKey",
   [
-    {no: 0, name: "USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED", localName: "UNSPECIFIED"},
+    {no: 0, name: "USER_SETTING_KEY_UNSPECIFIED"},
+    {no: 1, name: "USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS"},
   ],
 );